¹ Psalm 139:23.

² Traditionally, English translations of the end of Psalm 139:23 read “and know my thoughts [i.e., in general],” and modern German translations give its equivalent, “und erkenne meine Gedanken.” Luther’s rendering, however, seems to point back more specifically to the previous two verses of the psalm, which speak of the psalmist’s hatred of those who hate the God of Israel. Luther gives not “und erfahre, was ich meine” (“and know what I mean/think/intend [i.e., in general]”) but “und erfahre, wie ich es meine” (“and know in what way I mean it”; or, “and know how I am resolved [i.e., in my commitment to hate those who hate you, God]”). Without an indication of Luther’s apparent linking of verse 23 with verses 21–22, movement 2 in Bach’s cantata might seem to be a non sequitur.

³ Mistakenly given as “getrogen” (“[had/has] deceived”) in some modern sources, a reading that does not make sense contextually.

⁴ As narrated in Genesis 3:17-19, which says that the ground will be cursed because of Adam and Eve’s breaking God’s commandment not to eat of the tree in the middle of the garden of Eden, “the tree of the knowledge of good and evil”; God banishes them from Eden, and tells Adam that he and all the generations after him will have to till the land, and that thistles and thorns will sprout in the soil.

⁵ See fn. 8, below.

⁶ These sentiments of lines 3–6 are derived from Matthew 7:16-17, “An ihren Früchten sollt ihr sie erkennen. Kann man auch Trauben lesen von den Dornen oder Feigen von den Disteln? Also ein jeglicher guter Baum bringt gute Früchte” (“By their fruits you shall recognize them [the false prophets]. Can one gather also grapes from the thorns, or figs from the thistles? So, a good tree, of any kind, brings forth good fruits”).

⁷ The language of this line is derived from 2 Corinthians 11:13-14, which in the Luther Bibles of Bach’s day reads “falsche Apostel und trügliche Arbeiter verstellen sich zu Christus Aposteln; und das ist auch kein Wunder, denn er selbst, der Satan, verstellt sich zum Engel des Lichtes” (“false apostles and deceiving workers masquerade as Christ’s apostles; and that also is no wonder, for he himself, Satan, masquerades as an angel of light”).

⁸ The idea here, going back to Augustine, is that all humans have inherited “a corrupted essence” (in German, traditionally, “ein verderbtes Wesen”) on account of the original sin of Adam and Eve (see also fn. 4, above).

⁹ “Decken” usually means simply “to cover,” but here it is used in the more specific sense of “verhüllen” (“to veil,” or “to cloak”), i.e., as a variant of the word “verstellen” (“to disguise”) in line 8.

¹⁰ Here the German equivalent for “a wolf in sheep’s clothing” is alluded to: “der Wolf im Schafspelz” (literally, “the wolf in the sheep’s coat/fleece”).

¹¹ In the New Testament, the “Day of the Lord” is understood to refer to the end time, when God or his messiah will punish the wicked and redeem the righteous.

¹² “Das Verborgene” does not mean “the Hidden One” (i.e., “the hidden God”). That would be “der Verborgene” (i.e., “der verborgene Gott”). The sense of this line is derived from Romans 2:16, which in the Luther Bibles of Bach’s day reads “ . . . da Gott das Verborgene der Menschen durch Jesum Christus richten wird” (“[the day is coming] when God through Jesus Christ will judge what is hidden [i.e., the secret thoughts and concealed sins] of [all] human beings”).

¹³ Lines 1 and 3 draw on the language of Joel 2:1, which in the Luther Bibles of Bach’s day reads “Erzittert, alle Einwohner im Lande! denn der Tag des HERREN kömmt” (“Tremble, all you inhabitants in the land, for the Day of the LORD is coming”).

¹⁴ In older (especially biblical) German, “Grimm” means not so much “fierceness” as “anger” or “wrath.” The biblical expression “the day of wrath” is frequently given in the Luther Bibles as “der Tag des Grimms” or “der Tag des Zorns.”

¹⁵ “Eifer” here means not simply “zeal” or “fervor” but, more specifically, “jealousy.” And the “seines” refers not to “its” (i.e., the day’s [zeal]) but to “his” (i.e., the LORD’s [jealousy]). The language of this line is derived from Zephaniah 1:15-18, “dieser Tag ist ein Tag des Grimmes; . . . das ganze Land soll durch das Feuer seines Eifers verzehrt werden” (“this day is a day of wrath; . . . the whole land shall be consumed by the fire of his [the LORD’s] jealousy”). Significantly, Deuteronomy 4:24 reads, in the Luther Bibles of Bach’s day, “Der HERR, dein Gott, ist . . . ein eifriger Gott” (“The LORD, your God, is a jealous God”). This “jealousy” was understood as analogous to the jealous and impassioned indignation of a marriage partner whose spouse is unfaithful.

¹⁶ Lines 1–2 are based on Job 15:15-16, which in the Luther Bibles of Bach’s day reads “Siehe, unter seinen Heiligen ist keiner ohne Tadel, und die Himmel sind nicht rein für ihm; wie vielmehr ein Mensch, der ein Greuel und schnöde ist” (“Look, among his [the Lord’s] holy ones [i.e., here, the angels] none is blameless, and in the face of him [i.e., of his judgement], the heavens [i.e., the angels inhabiting the heavens] are not pure;” how much more [impure than the angels is] a human being, who is an abomination and odious). “The heavens” is sometimes used in the Bible (e.g., Isaiah 24:21) as a metonym for God’s messengers and other beings that inhabit the skies, especially the angels. Regarding this use of the expression “die Himmel” specifically in Job 15:15, the Calov Bible (owned by Bach) says “das ist, die Engel, die im Himmel sein” (“that is, the angels that are in heaven”).

¹⁷ “Der Mangel seiner Werke” speaks not of “the insufficiency [in the number] of his [good] deeds.” That reading would be an egregious contradiction of fundamental Lutheran belief, in which deeds are inherently insufficient for salvation.

¹⁸ In their reiteration of the line “Allein, wer sich zu Jesu Wunden,” Bach’s original performing materials read “Allein, wer sich in Jesu Wunden”; both “zu” and “in” can be rendered in English as “in.”

¹⁹ In modern sources, “grossen Strom” (“vast stream”) is sometimes mistakenly given as “Gnadenstrom” (“mercy stream,” or “grace stream”).

²⁰ A stanza of “Wo soll ich fliehen hin?”

²¹ The blood of Jesus, said in Lutheranism to be physically present in the consecrated wine of the sacrament of communion, is often spoken of in hymns and sermons as a live-giving “Saft” (“sap/juice”). In Bach’s day, as now, the word “Blut” was sometimes employed to refer to the dark juice from plants and fruits.

²² This line takes its language from the way that Isaiah 61:1 is quoted in Luke 4:18, which in the Luther Bibles of Bach’s day reads “Er hat mich gesandt, . . . zu predigen den Gefangenen, dass sie los sein sollen, . . . und den Zerschlagenen, dass sie frei und ledig sein sollen” (“He [the spirit of the LORD] has sent me to preach to the imprisoned so that they shall be at liberty, and to the battered so that they shall be free and delivered”).

²³ “Rachen” does not mean “vengeance” or “rage”; “die Rache” (“vengeance,” “revenge”), for which there is no plural, is sometimes confused with “der Rachen” (“jaw”) and “die Rachen” (“jaws”).